The Work of Midwives Essays - Health, Midwifery, Personal Life

"The Work of Midwives" By: Lauren A. Gonder There has been much controversy surrounding the roles of midwives with no hospitals , no drugs, and no supervision from a doctor. A clinical assessment has been formulated that could have implications for the United States, Britain's National Institute for Health, and Care Excellence. The conclusion was that it is safer for healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies to give birth under the supervision of a midwife rather than in a hospital maternity ward run by doctors CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . The reasoning behind this conclusion is that doctors are much more likely to use interventions like forceps deliveries, spinal anesthesia, and cesarean sections, which all carry risks of infection and surgical accidents CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . Midwives are registered and certified nurses who have graduated from a nurse-midwifery education program accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education and have passed a national certification examination to receive the professional designation of certified nurse-midwife (CNM) CITATION Fer14 \l 1033 (Ferreira, 2014) . They typically have earned at least a master's degree from an accredited college, received clinical training, and passed a state licensing exam CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . There have been many studies that have shown that midwives do just as well or better than obstetricians in a low-risk case CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . A Certified Nurse Midwife's responsibilities are the same as a certified obstetrician, including prescribing pharmacologic treatment, depending on the state regulation CITATION Uni \l 1033 (Univ.Cinn.) . Midwives are not just central to providing obstetric and newborn care, they are also qualified to provide routine primary care and gynecological services. A woman can get their care from a CNM from puberty to menopause. Having a primary care provider that a woman can trust is very important. CNM's and other Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN's) are a critical component of addressing the shortage of primary care physicians (PCP) CITATION Fer14 \l 1033 (Ferreira, 2014) . There are a record number of PCP's retiring, and fewer medical school graduates choosing primary care as a specialty CITATION Fer14 \l 1033 (Ferreira, 2014) . With the field of nursing expanding to include specialized practitioners with advanced t raining, education, and experience, CNM's and other types of APRN's can provide the primary care services to the patients that are having a challenging time finding a more permanent care provider. In a time of spiraling medical costs and the increasing demand for healthcare, midwives can offer a cost-effective way of providing good maternity care CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . The professional society of obstetricians have provided evidence that planned home births carry an increased risk of neonatal death, compare to a planned hospital birth CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . Some medical centers are trying to have the best of both worlds by allowing midwives independence within the hospital CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . If midwives could practice autonomously within a hospital then the low-risk cases that may develop complications, will have full and quick access to the hospital. The Mayo Clinic lets midwives handle low-risk pregnancies independently and hand off to doctors in the event a case becomes severe CITATION Edi14 \l 1033 (EditorialBoard, 2014) . The practice of midwifing has been around for a long time and it doesn't seem to be going away any time soon. Midwives have the education, training, and experience to provide primary care for women from puberty to menopause. If a woman has no history of complications during pregnancy, is expected to deliver a single baby at full term, and the baby is presenting head first, then the guidance a midwife can provide is just as good, if not better, as an obstetrician. There is a massive shortage of primary care physicians and CNM's have maintained the highest standards of care to be provided to their patients. In conclusion, t here is no good reason that midwives should not play an important role in childbirth as long as the risk of complication is minimal.

Expository Essay Writing

Expository Essay Writing In this article we will try to get you acquainted with the basic rule and strategy which must be used while writing an expository essay.   We have collected basic tips on how to write a good expository essay. Expository essays are the essays in which writers are required to give information, explanations about the subject or define something. The best way to write an expository essay is using the combination of statistical information and facts about the subject. Using examples is one of the important parts of an expository essay so, providing your expository paper with different examples will give it a better look. The most important rule of writing an expository essay is that it should be written to the point using specific ideas and information. An expository essay should be written without any emotions and in most cases written using passive voice. So, the use of the active voice must be avoided or in other words â€Å"I† must not be used in the expository essay. Expository papers have a distinctive format. They are started using a strong thesis statement which must be defined and supported enough while writing the expository essay. Then comes the supporting paragraphs, which must contain distinct controlling topic and all other phrases must point towards this topic and must factually relate to the topic. The use of transition phrases or words help the reader to understand and reinforce the logic. The concluding paragraph must be written in a way to stress the main thesis, and a couple of supportive ideas. The finishing sentence of the expository essay must be written in such a way that the finishing sentence must reflect the position of the writer in a meaningful way. We hope that the article above was helpful to you and it cleared all the doubts you had about expository essays. Now you are familiar with the rules to write an expository essay. But still if you have any questions and doubts we are always ready to assist you in writing expository essays. Just inquire with Customwritings.com, and we will help you with any assignment of any complexity with any deadline. Our company provides high-quality custom expository essay writing services at affordable prices.

Understanding Different Types of Colleges

Understanding Different Types of Colleges Colleges and universities in the United State can be divided into two categories: four-year colleges and two-year colleges. Within those categories, there are a variety of subdivisions and distinctions between schools. The following article explains the differences between types of colleges to help you make the best decision when considering your higher education options.   Key Takeaways Colleges and universities can be divided into two-year institutions and four-year institutions.Four-year institutions include public and private colleges and universities as well as liberal arts colleges.Two-year institutions include community colleges, trade schools, and for-profit universities.Other institutional distinctions include Historically Black Colleges and Universities, women’s colleges, and Tribal Colleges and Universities.   Four-Year Colleges A four-year college is an institution of higher learning that provides programs of study that take approximately four academic years to complete. Students that complete these programs earn bachelor’s degrees. Four-year colleges are the most common institutions of higher education in the United States. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), undergraduate enrollment in four-year colleges is 65 percent, nearly 11 million students. These institutions often include strong student communities, complete with sports teams and extracurricular activities, students clubs and organizations, student body leadership, on-campus housing opportunities, Greek life, and more.  Harvard University, University of Michigan, Carroll College, and Bates College are all examples of four-year institutions, though they are all different types of colleges.   Public vs. Private Public colleges and universities are owned and operated by the state board of education within the state where the college is located. Funding for public institutions comes from state and federal taxes, as well as student tuition and fees, and private donors. Boise State University and the University of California are examples of public universities. Private institutions are owned and operated by individuals or organizations and do not receive federal or state funding. Private institutions often receive funding from alumni and corporate and individual donations. Though private institutions are not operated by the state in which they are located, they must still meet state and federal criteria in order to be accredited academic institutions. Yale University and Notre Dame University are examples of private universities. College vs. University   Traditionally, a college was a small, often private institution that only offered undergraduate programs, while universities were larger institutions that offered undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees. Since these two terms have been commonly used to describe four-year institutions- and many small colleges began offering graduate and doctoral degree programs- the terms college and university are now completely interchangeable.  Ã‚   Liberal Arts Colleges Liberal arts colleges are four-year institutions that focus on the liberal arts: humanities, social and physical sciences, and mathematics. Liberal arts colleges are often small, private institutions with higher tuition rates and lower student-to-teacher ratios. Students at liberal arts colleges are encouraged to engage in interdisciplinary academia. Swarthmore College and Middlebury College are examples of liberal arts colleges.   Two-Year Colleges Two-year colleges provide lower-level higher education, commonly known as continuing education. Students that complete programs at two-year institutions can receive certifications or associates degrees. Hudson County Community College, Fox Valley Technical College, and the University of Phoenix are different examples of two-year institutions. Approximately 35 percent of undergraduates are enrolled in two-year institutions, according to the NCES. Many students choose to enroll in two-year institutions to obtain associate’s (or two-year) degrees before attending a bigger, often more expensive four-year institution to obtain a bachelor’s degree.  This cuts down on the cost of general education requirements, making college more achievable for many students. Other undergraduates enroll in two-year programs because they provide job-specific training and a direct pathway to a career.  Ã‚   Community Colleges Sometimes called junior college, community colleges offer higher education opportunities within communities. These courses are often geared toward working professionals, with classes offered outside of regular working hours. Students often use community colleges to gain job-specific certifications or as affordable stepping stones for completing bachelor’s degrees. Western Wyoming Community College and Odessa College are examples of community or junior colleges.   Trade Schools Also called vocational schools or technical colleges, trade schools provide technical skills for specific careers. Students that complete trade school programs can move directly into the workforce with ease. Students at trade schools often become dental hygienists, electricians, plumbers, computer technicians, and more. North Central Kansas Technical College and the State Technical College of Missouri are both examples of trade schools. For-Profit Schools For-profit colleges are educational institutions that are privately owned and operated. They run like a business, selling education as the product. For-profit schools can provide bachelor’s and master’s degrees, as well as technical education, though these programs are often offered online or via distance learning. According to the NCES, enrollment in for-profit institutions has increased by 109 percent since 2000, though that number has been declining since the financial crisis in 2007.   Other Types of Colleges Schools either fall into the two or four-year college categories, but there are a variety of other distinctions between colleges that make the campuses stand out. Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historically Black College and Universities, or HBCUs, are educational institutions founded before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the goal of providing higher education to African-American students. There are 101 HBCUs in the United States, both private and public. HBCUs admit students of all ethnicities. Howard University and Morehouse College are examples of HBCUs. Women’s Colleges Women’s colleges are education institutions founded to provide single-sex education for women; these institutions only admit female students. Traditionally, women’s colleges prepared women for assigned societal roles, such as teaching, but they evolved into degree-granting academic institutions after World War II. There are 38 women’s colleges in the United States. Bryn Mawr College and Wesleyan College are examples of women’s colleges. Tribal Colleges and Universities Tribal Colleges and Universities are accredited educational institutions that provide undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees as well as vocational training to both Native and non-Native students with curricula designed to pass on tribal history and culture. These institutions are operated by Native American tribes and are located on or near reservations. There are 32 accredited Tribal Colleges and Universities operating in the United States.  Oglala Lakota College and Sitting Bull College are examples of tribal colleges. Sources   Fain, Paul. â€Å"Enrollment Slide Continues, at Slower Rate .†Ã‚  Inside Higher Ed  , 20 Dec. 2017.â€Å"More Than 76 Million Students Enrolled in U.S. Schools.†Ã‚  Census.gov, U.S. Census Bureau, 11 Dec. 2018.â€Å"Undergraduate Enrollment .†Ã‚  The Condition of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, May 2019.

Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economy - Assignment Example In carrying out this research the researchers used purposive sampling and questionnaires in data collection so as to increase the chances of conducting a perfect research. This article specifically discusses results from two cities; St. Louis and Cincinnati where in both cases magnet school were successful. There are costs associated with magnet school which include transport. The benefits achieved from this program were found to outweigh the cost as valued by parents and teachers. Clark in his article outlines the hard choices that the university fraternity has to make so as to remain competitive in terms of quality and the autonomy that institution deserves. Public research University faces challenges; the ever increasing number of student and the limited availability of resources. This offers the private university a comparative advantage. In order to bridge this gap he offers short- term solution which includes; privatizing tuition and federalizing the universities, this increases their competitiveness. In addition, universities should concentrate on increasing public support, increasing efficiency in use of resources, pluralistic leadership, enhancing long-term path to be followed by the movement. There are uncertainties whether research University fosters productivity and sustainability. In conclusion the author appreciates the benefits derived from development of human capital generated from universities. (Kerr 187) The author introduces this article by outlining the difficulties that the founders of colleges faced while trying to establish a college. He points out that, colleges established lacked buildings, students or professors, thus making colleges in complete. In addition the founders used crude ways in establishing colleges like other economic activities. From this article the author also outlines that the college founders were mainly missionaries or settlers. It was also established that

The Law and Justice between Canada and U.S Essay

The Law and Justice between Canada and U.S - Essay Example In this paper, we shall conduct the comparative analysis of the law and justice between Canada and the US. Importance of Topic: The theme of this paper revolves around laws and jurisdiction in the US and Canada. Topic is related to the principles of American and Canadian system and social life in two different states. These laws regulate each aspect of citizens` life and allow them enjoy given rights within the country. Additionally, this topic significantly covers the similarities and differences between American and Canadian law and justice systems (Boyd). This topic highlights the role and rights and Canadian and American citizens who are obliged to follow country`s rule strictly. And, the manner they deserve to treat in the country under peculiar circumstances and social ethics. The topic also includes notions of legal decisions that are made with respect to the regulations of the country and adapted system. Specifically, this topic aims to cover the comparative examination of th e American law and justice system with Canadian jurisdiction system (Boyd). The Law Subject: The law subject is quite wider in scope and it allows students view law and justice system clearly and understands it completely, and provides sufficient knowledge about different law related systems of the world. The law subject is very important part of learning legal relationships and rights of legal citizens along with the statuses of immigrant citizens in the foreign countries. As Canada and America are two important and stronger countries at the global level and these countries are close in terms of regulations and jurisdictions. Therefore, it is significantly important to study the law and justice between America and Canada to view and understand the difference and similarities between the laws of these two closely related countries (Boyd). This topic is highly relevant to the subject of law as comparison between laws of two strong states helps us understand the importance of law and justice system with respect to the territory, geographical location and the governmental systems that regulate these states. Comparison between American and Canadian Law: According to scholars, majority of Canadian laws have been derived from American system of laws and justice. It has noticed that in Canada, "Canada Day" is celebrated on 1st July for the celebration of the British North American Act of 1867, which was considered as the first step towards independence of Canada that eventually resulted in the formation of Canadian constitution (Boyd). Here, we observe a similarity between American and Canadian law system, as the US has written constitution including "Bill of Rights" and Canadian constitution also has a "Charter of Rights". Moreover, it has been noticed that legal rules and law system of both the countries are derived from "English Common Law", which based on the judges` decisions for the state rather than resolution of the senate or parliament. Moreover, laws govern ing socio-economic life matters such as, contracts and negligence in Canada are also similar to the United State's laws (Vitamanti). Traffic, breakage and emergency laws are almost similar is the US and Canada such as in both the countries the rental agreement always inform the process that should be legally adopted in case of emergency or accident. It is strict law in both the states that when a blind man or woman with a white cane crosses the road vehicles should stop and

Why Is There No Universally Accepted Accounting Theory?

Why Is There No Universally Accepted Accounting Theory? Abstract This paper discusses the statement: there is no universally accepted accounting theory. In addition, it offers some basic and historical background regarding accounting and discusses the different approaches to develop an accounting theory, before describing three common accounting theories. Finally, the reality of the above statement and the factors that confront a universal accounting theory are debated. Introduction Accounting is a very old science as it is strictly related to the first forms of trade in the old world. According to Belkaoui (1992: 22), the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accounting as follows: Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. Belkaoui (1992: 22) believes that such a definition is limited and a broader alternative is offered that defines accounting as: The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information. Historical Background The history of accounting is of importance to those wishing to understand existing and future accounting practices. Historically, the first form of accounting practices was bookkeeping. Bookkeeping resulted from a need of ancient traders in Chaldean, Babylonian, Akkadian, and Assyrian civilizations (Belkaoui, 1992). Those ancient traders developed advanced trading practices to track their costs and incomes. This of course, led to record keeping as the best. Belkaoui states that the earliest known form of record keeping dates back to 3000 B.C. which was found in Old Irak (Belkaoui, 1992). Egyptian and Chinese civilisations also had old accounting practices for handling both treasury and other government accounts. In Greek civilisation, there was a famous accountant named Zenon. He managed the estates of Apollonius (a Greek minister of finance). Zenon was the first to introduce the first Responsibility Accounting System according to Belkaoui (1992). In the Roman civilisation, taxes and social classes were dependent on declared properties. As a result, taxpayers were supposed to submit clear financial statements. Of course, these factors enforced the existence of bookkeeping in the ancient world. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a huge transition in accounting took place. Luca Pacioli introduced the Italian double-entry method. Later on, new methods were introduced to handle fixed assets (Belkaoui, 1992). According to Schroeder and Clarke (1998), between the years 1900 and 1973, several bodies were introduced to establish and improve financial accounting standards, practices, and reporting. These bodies included the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) which was established in 1916.Then, in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established. In 1937, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) was formed as a result of a merger between the AIA and the American Society of Certified Public Accountants(Schroeder and Clarke, 1998). Accounting Theory A theory in its simplest form is an explanation of a certain phenomena, a set of observations. The theory can be understood as a generalisation used to organise data into meaningful information. Glautier and Underdown (1991) argue that theories are supposed to be concerned with the explanation of a set of observations. Also, they argue that relating an existing theory to a set of observations or coming up with a theory that relates to a set of observations is essentially having the same objective which is providing an explanation to these observations. Need for an Accounting Theory Webster define a theory as a systematic statement of principles. Also, it gives a more detailed definition: A formulation of apparent relationships or underlying principles of certain observed phenomena which has been systematically accumulated, organised, and verified well enough to provide a frame of reference for future actions (Schroeder, Richard et al., 1998:1). The second definition gives some reason for the need of an accounting theory. These reasons include organising accounting practices and handling future changes. Of course, a theory can be applied into practical areas of interest. An accounting theory makes it easier to understand accounting in a professional way. Developing Accounting Theory: Approaches and Methods An accounting theory should provide accountants with guidelines for how to represent a summary of financial data for activities during a year. Of course, this information should be useful to people who are going to use it in making decisions and judgments. Glautier and Underdown (1991) list three common approaches that have been used to develop accounting theory previously. These approaches are: Descriptive Approach Decision Usefulness Approach Welfare Approach They classified the Decision Usefulness Approach into two types: empirical and normative (Glautier and Underdown, 1991). On the other hand, there have been several approaches to develop accounting theory. These approaches make use of other classical methods of reasoning such as the ethical, sociological and economic approaches. The descriptive approach developed theories that are concerned with what accountants should do. Descriptive theories use induction. Usually, inductive reasoning will begin by making enough observations by looking at similar instances and practices before drawing a generalised conclusion. Glautier and Underdown (1991) state that the descriptive approach has attempted to relate the accounting practices of accountants to a generalised accounting theory. Usually, descriptive approaches lead to descriptive or positive theories. These theories are concerned with existing accountants practices. Descriptive theories explain those practices and make it possible to predict future behaviours. Glautier and Underdown (1991) offer a useful example with regards to such predictions. By applying the descriptive theory, one can easily predict that the receipt of cash will be entered in the debit side of a cash book. The Decision Usefulness Approach resulted from the great interest in behavioural researches in accounting during the 1970s (Glautier and Underdown, 1991). This type of approach resulted into two main theories: Empirical and Normative theories. The Empirical theory resulted from the increase in empirical research in accounting. The objective of such research was to have reliable results that would positively influence decision making. This objective forced the use of advanced statistical techniques. The increase in university accounting courses resulted in a great number of students that were capable of carrying out advanced and sophisticated quantitative research. On the other hand, the Normative Theory concentrates on which decision models should be selected by decision makers in order to make logical decisions. The third approach mentioned by Glautier and Underdown (1991) is the Welfare Approach. This approach can be considered as an extension to the decision-making approaches. The main objective of the welfare approach is to increase social welfare through rational decisions based upon reliable accounting information. Common Accounting Theories Positive Theory The positive theory is mainly explaining existing accounting practices and observed accounting phenomena (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). Belkaoui (1992) believes that positive accounting theory is looking into why accounting practices have developed into the way they are today. Then, the positive theory explains or predicts accounting events. Many positive accounting theory supporters are optimistic due to that positive approach is getting more supporters. Belkaoui (1992) noted criticism of positive theory including the point that the theory concept is based on an obsolete philosophy of science and that theories of empirical science do not have positive statements on what is. Normative Theory The normative theory focuses on what should be instead of what is (Belkaoui, 1992). Therefore, it is on the contrary side to positive theory. This theory is based on a set of objectives. It was developed using the deductive approach that uses logic. Normative theory advocates agree on a set of objectives, believing that these objectives are the best for accountants. Then they deduce their hypotheses and principles. Their next step is to apply this theory to real life accounting practices and events. Actually, normative theory will depend on its advocates and the level of harmony they can reach on the agreed set of goals. Although the normative approach is very important in regulating the industry and developing new accounting practices, it may not handle possible future effects caused by new theories that may change accounting practice in the future. Agency Theory Agency theory tries to describe financial statements and their basic accounting theories (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). This theory emerged from the relationship that exists between managers and shareholders. Agency theory assumes that individuals always try to increase their own expected utilities. Also, it assumes that they are creative in doing so. This theory is based on the fact that there is an agreed relationship between two parties. The first is the agent (usually the managers of a firm) and the second is the principal or the stakeholders. The principal agrees to let the agent act on his or her behalf. This usually happens because stakeholders are not capable or not trained sufficiently well to handle the firm in the manner that the managers can. An issue arises here which is the conflict of interest. This issue can be solved through several methods that ensure mutual benefit to both sides such as bonuses or a percentage for the agents. One negative point regarding agency theory is that it is based on the assumption that both parties are trying to maximise his own expected utilities. This assumption is not accepted politically or socially. Universally Accepted Accounting Theory From the previous elaboration on accounting theories, it is clear that there are different approaches to develop them. In addition, there is a wide and diverse range of accounting practices all over the world. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in the United States of America. The obstacle that prevents GAAP becoming the principles on which global accounting theory is developed is that every country has its own standard accounting practice version of GAAP, usually set by a national governing body. Currently, there is no Universally Accepted Accounting Theory. It seems that having such a theory will not occur in the near future. This is due to many factors, including the fact that using different approaches to develop such a theory will result in different theories. Also, establishing international standards is a very tricky process due countries seeking to protect the privacy of their domestic legal and economic matters. In addition, it is difficult to have one theory that satisfies all needs. Of course, it is important to have guidelines to assist users with no accounting knowledge to understand company accounts. Also, there should be similar guidelines for accountants to handle multi-national firms and establishments. Conclusion Although some may argue that there is no need for such a universal theory as we are doing well without it, there is still a need for such a theory even if it is not as perfect as it should be. To sum up, establishing Universally Accepted Accounting Theory can be a very complicated process. This paper discussed the statement: there is no universally accepted accounting theory. It gave a brief historical background and some basic information relating to accounting. It discussed the different approaches used to develop accounting theories, as well as the three common accounting theories. Finally, the essay elaborated on the fact that currently there is no universal global accounting theory. References Belkaoui, A. (1992) 3th edition, Accounting Theory. London: Dryden Press Glautier, M. W. E. and Underdown B. (1991) 4th edition, Accounting Theory and Practice. London: Pitman Publishing Schroeder, R. G. and Clarke, M. W. (1998) 6th edition, Accounting Theory: Text and Readings. London :John Wiley Sons Inc. Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J., (2001) 7th edition, Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis: Text Readings and Cases. London :John Wiley Sons Inc.

My favourite book

These picturesque geographical feature's boundaries delineat a low lying plain of about 47,570 sq. km. criss-crossed by innumerable brooks, rivulets and streams and rivers like the Padma[Ganges],the Megna,the Karnaphuli. Description : Physiography is the science which treats the Earth's exterior physical features, climate, life and the physical movements or changes on the Earth's surface, such as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture,magnetism, i. e. physical geography. Sunderban is the most preciouse and wealthy area tor Bangladesn. nerban suituated in Khulna Division and it's gives protection to Bangladesh from outside enemies. There lives lot of different kinds of animals and these animals make our Sunderban beautiful and welthy. Mammals are a clade of endothermic amniotes. Among the features that distinguish them from the other amniotes, the reptiles and the birds, are hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands infemales, and a neoco rtex (a region of the brain). The mammalian brain regulates body temperature and the circulatory system, including the four- chambered heart.The mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorqual whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, some primates and some cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in the trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta which feeds the offspring during pregnancy. Mammals range in size from the 30-40 mm (1. 2-1. 6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.Birds (class Aves or clade Avialae) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, and inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2. 75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fossil record indicates that birds emerged within theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period, around 150 million years ago.Birds are the only members of the clade originating with the earliest dinosaurs to have urvived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Modern birds are characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. All living species of birds have wings; the most recent species without wings was the moa, which is generally considered to have become extinct in the 16th century. Wings are evolved forelimbs, and most bird species can fly.Flightless birds include ratites, penguins, and a number of diverse endemic island species. Some pecies of birds, particularly penguins and members of the Anatidae family, are adapted t o swim. Birds also have unique digestive and respiratory systems that are highly adapted for flight. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animal species; a number of bird species have been observed manufacturing and using tools, and many social species exhibit cultural transmission of knowledge across generations.Some marine reptiles, such as ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs, rarely ventured onto land and gave birth in the water. Others, such as sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles, eturn to shore to lay their eggs. Some marine reptiles also occasionally rest and bask on land. Tigers in Bangladesh are now relegated to the forests of the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Chittagong forest is contiguous with tiger habitat in India and Myanmar, but the tiger population is ot unknown status.In another study, home ranges of adult female tigers were recorded comprising between 12 and 14 km2 (4. 6 and 5. 4 sq mi). , which would indicate an appro ximate carrying capacity of 150 adult females. The small home range of adult female tigers (and consequent high density f tigers) in this habitat type relative to other areas may be related to both the high density of prey and the small size of the Sundarbans tigers. Present Condition Of Bangladesh : In present time Bangladesh environmental situation is in big risk.Lot of disaster were happened in past and present time also running. our animals are also in big risk due to people are destroying trees and lands for making dewellings and mutistoried commercial complexes. For these reasons our animals are losing their foods and living places for survive. How Can We Protect Our Wild Life : To save our wild life we have to take lot of steps to and to take care of them and we have to deocrate our environment to make survival of our wilf life. My Favourite Book For years, teachers and parents have been worried about comics, the cinema, television, and now the Internet. They all stop children reading, they say. However, it now seems that children are reading more than ever. Reading habits have changed, because there is now lots of competition from other media, but I think that reading is still popular. The reading is very important for me because book is cognitive. When I read a book I recognize something interesting, I get to know new hero and heroine. I like to read classical literature. It is my dream to become a student of the department of foreign languages and to be able to read the books by my favourite English and American writers in origin. What is my favourite book? This question is very interesting for me. Nowadays there are many different genres of literatures. And it is very difficult to chouse one of them. I read many different books. So in every book I always find thing, which I like very much. I like to read William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Robert Burns, Oscar Wilde, Jerome K. Jerome, Charlotte Bronte, Mark Twain, Jack London, Conan Doyle, James Aldridge, Jules Verne, Lewis Carroll, etc. I want to tell you about the book, which I like very much. This book is â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. The author of the book â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in Atlanta in 1900. All the family were interested in American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War and of stories of staggering events of recent epoch, because her father was a chairman of local historical society. War is one of the biggest misfortunes in the life of people. Now let’s revise some historic facts. Civil War began as the result of economy fight between northern and southern states. Northern states had preponderance – about 20 million of people against of 10 million of people and powerful industrial potential. But southern states had more talented generals and centered direction. After graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked a little time for the Atlanta Journal. She wrote articles and stories for this journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on paper all the stories she had heard about Civil War. The result was â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. It was first published in 1936. In 1939 it was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is the story about Civil War. Margaret Mitchell tells about life of people at the time of this war and about all burdens, which people outlived these years. In the text we can find the description of soldiers’ live. There we can read how cried mothers and wives then they dispatched their children and husbands on the War. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves the quiet gentleman Ashley Wilkes, the wild and decidedly ungentlemanly Rhett Butler is in love with her. Ashley married Melanie Hamilton. After many adventures of her own, Scarlett married Rhett – but only for money. The marriage is stormly. That is why eventually Rhett walks out on her, but by the time Scarlett has realized that she loves him after all. Scarlett thinks of some way of getting him back, but we never know if she does because Margaret Mitchell died in 1949 in a car crash. After reading this production I find that it is very expressive and logical because Margaret Mitchell was a good narrator of real life’s stories. It is evidently because she dedicated lots of theme of her tales for real life. Style of this story is particular, spontaneous, and slightly natural. I can say that author tried to comment the actions of personages, and conveyed the senses. I find out that Margaret Mitchell had a good style of the true and delicate sense when she is telling about her heroes. I consider that her mix of fantasy and truth is excellent and unforgettable. I think that there is a splendid style of small drams of our life and society. Simplicity, precision and clarity are the main qualities of her style. The main heroine is Scarlett. This is a person with powerful and pointed mind and furious thirst of life. This is a person who Ã' Ã ¾uld menage all the problems came across successfully. She was able to stand up for herself; she found a way out of unpredictable situation. It she could make much, she has proved to herself, that she can all. Being selfish on her character, she had an indestructible carriage, which was specific feature of her background. After death of mother, on her hands there was all house and members of her family. She took care of her relatives even she had to starve. The only object which helped her to survive was her Tara, her native land. Tara was a fortress where she could not think of anything. When she stumbled into difficult situations, she recollected Tara. She saw the white house which is affably appeared through reddish autumn foliage. She felt silence of rural twilight. She remembered this shrill red ground, and gloomy dark beauty of pines on the hills. Memories of this landscape avoided her from dismal inner thought. In conclusion I would strongly recommend everybody to read this book. Such books as Margaret Mitchell’s â€Å"Gone with the Wind† can be the first step for everybody to get a good hobby of reading. My Favourite Book For years, teachers and parents have been worried about comics, the cinema, television, and now the Internet. They all stop children reading, they say. However, it now seems that children are reading more than ever. Reading habits have changed, because there is now lots of competition from other media, but I think that reading is still popular. The reading is very important for me because book is cognitive. When I read a book I recognize something interesting, I get to know new hero and heroine. I like to read classical literature. It is my dream to become a student of the department of foreign languages and to be able to read the books by my favourite English and American writers in origin. What is my favourite book? This question is very interesting for me. Nowadays there are many different genres of literatures. And it is very difficult to chouse one of them. I read many different books. So in every book I always find thing, which I like very much. I like to read William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Robert Burns, Oscar Wilde, Jerome K. Jerome, Charlotte Bronte, Mark Twain, Jack London, Conan Doyle, James Aldridge, Jules Verne, Lewis Carroll, etc. I want to tell you about the book, which I like very much. This book is â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. The author of the book â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in Atlanta in 1900. All the family were interested in American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War and of stories of staggering events of recent epoch, because her father was a chairman of local historical society. War is one of the biggest misfortunes in the life of people. Now let’s revise some historic facts. Civil War began as the result of economy fight between northern and southern states. Northern states had preponderance – about 20 million of people against of 10 million of people and powerful industrial potential. But southern states had more talented generals and centered direction. After graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked a little time for the Atlanta Journal. She wrote articles and stories for this journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on paper all the stories she had heard about Civil War. The result was â€Å"Gone with the Wind†. It was first published in 1936. In 1939 it was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is the story about Civil War. Margaret Mitchell tells about life of people at the time of this war and about all burdens, which people outlived these years. In the text we can find the description of soldiers’ live. There we can read how cried mothers and wives then they dispatched their children and husbands on the War. â€Å"Gone with the Wind† is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves the quiet gentleman Ashley Wilkes, the wild and decidedly ungentlemanly Rhett Butler is in love with her. Ashley married Melanie Hamilton. After many adventures of her own, Scarlett married Rhett – but only for money. The marriage is stormly. That is why eventually Rhett walks out on her, but by the time Scarlett has realized that she loves him after all. Scarlett thinks of some way of getting him back, but we never know if she does because Margaret Mitchell died in 1949 in a car crash. After reading this production I find that it is very expressive and logical because Margaret Mitchell was a good narrator of real life’s stories. It is evidently because she dedicated lots of theme of her tales for real life. Style of this story is particular, spontaneous, and slightly natural. I can say that author tried to comment the actions of personages, and conveyed the senses. I find out that Margaret Mitchell had a good style of the true and delicate sense when she is telling about her heroes. I consider that her mix of fantasy and truth is excellent and unforgettable. I think that there is a splendid style of small drams of our life and society. Simplicity, precision and clarity are the main qualities of her style. The main heroine is Scarlett. This is a person with powerful and pointed mind and furious thirst of life. This is a person who Ã' Ã ¾uld menage all the problems came across successfully. She was able to stand up for herself; she found a way out of unpredictable situation. It she could make much, she has proved to herself, that she can all. Being selfish on her character, she had an indestructible carriage, which was specific feature of her background. After death of mother, on her hands there was all house and members of her family. She took care of her relatives even she had to starve. The only object which helped her to survive was her Tara, her native land. Tara was a fortress where she could not think of anything. When she stumbled into difficult situations, she recollected Tara. She saw the white house which is affably appeared through reddish autumn foliage. She felt silence of rural twilight. She remembered this shrill red ground, and gloomy dark beauty of pines on the hills. Memories of this landscape avoided her from dismal inner thought. In conclusion I would strongly recommend everybody to read this book. Such books as Margaret Mitchell’s â€Å"Gone with the Wind† can be the first step for everybody to get a good hobby of reading.